The first case study, conducted in a mid-sized, Midwestern suburban district, was designed to test the conceptual framework and methodology. Both cases are bounded by the 2001-2007 time period, and explore the districts' organizational responses to NCLB as reported by district and school administrators. This article presents findings of two case studies conducted to describe and explain the response of P-12 districts to policy mandates introduced through federal legislation. Organizational theory and historical patterns provide predictions for districts' responses, but fail to adequately explain how and why P-12 districts respond to federal policy mandates as they do, nor do they offer sufficient guidance for policymakers seeking to improve student outcomes. However, researchers have demonstrated US policy intents are often unrealized in educational practice, calling for studies to elucidate how P-12 districts implement federal policy mandates. In such a state of affairs, the same conceptual information may be categorised in several ways.Evolving purposes for the United States educational system have driven legislative policy over the past 40 years, beginning with the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, reauthorized as the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act in 2002. Occasionally two terminologies in overlapping domains “cut the world at completely different joints,” which makes ontology alignment and ontology integration difficult. Auditing can also uncover ideas which might be synonymous in real life however are coded as completely different within the UMLS. Previously, we’ve developed algorithmic and mixed human-computer auditing strategies for the UMLS and some of its supply terminologies. However, knowledge harmonization also makes it possible for business users to rework knowledge and create new data analyses and visualizations with out IT involvement. At its simplest, data harmonization enhances the quality and utility of business knowledge. It combines each business-side makes use of of knowledge in addition to IT finest practices for data high quality. In other words, Y could additionally be inserted as a toddler of X into Terminology 1, thereby including more detailed data to Terminology 1. It holds that B IS_A Y, Y IS_A X, and X IS_A A. Concept X is an actual world synonym of idea Y, which was beforehand not recognized by the UMLS editors. A name for collaborative semantics harmonization AMIA Annu Symp Proc Washington DC 2006. Deliver clear, trusted knowledge so all your projects meet your corporation aims. Harmonize, harmonized, alignment, coordination, concord, harmonised, co-ordination, standardization. Thus, increasingly, economic integration and environmental harmonization are viewed as needed enhances, especially to stop the specter of plant relocation or unfair foreign competition. Thus, Eleventh posterior intercostal vein within the FMA is a classification by cardinality, while in SNOMED Lower right posterior intercostal vein is a classification by position. Figure 2 shows an instance where congruent concepts had been recognized as various classifications. The congruent ideas Chemical Viewed Structurally from CPM and Chemical categorized structurally from SNOMED are deemed synonyms that weren’t pioneer indech recognized earlier than by our auditor and ought to be merged. Figure 1 exhibits an abstract structure of two structurally congruent concepts to elucidate the above definition. Due to the significance of SNOMED CT (abbreviated as “SNOMED”), we focus on its ideas. We call these “alternative classifications.” In this paper, we are describing using structural congruency in pairs of terminologies to alert a human auditor to potential instances of harmonization and correction. Our work thereby promotes the semantic integration of plant trait data in a machine-readable method and reveals how massive quantities of small trait information units and their metadata can be built-in into standardized data merchandise. We mobilize almost one hundred forty,000 individual palm trait measurements in an interoperable format, establish semantic gaps in present plant trait terminology and provide suggestions for the future development of a thesaurus of plant characteristics. We illustrate our tools with knowledge from palms, a globally distributed, various plant household that’s thought-about a good mannequin system for understanding the ecology and evolution of tropical rainforests.
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